Patchwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Patchwork - Essay Example This particular realization has made the government adopt changes in policy to help the youth. Although the younger generation are now being employed in return of wages, their living standard is still highly compromised. The real wages received by the youth has fallen particularly for the age group of 16-24years from 2003-2011. The toughest problem is that the younger generation in labour markets has low chances of higher prosperity and real income compared to their parents. It has been a common consensus that performance of the youth employment has been less than impressive in almost all developed nations; but, this book has pointed out that youth unemployment had been aggravating in British economy much before the crash of 2008. U.K. has also been regarded as one of the worst performers among the other G8 nations, in terms of youth unemployment. It has been estimated that 14% of the under 25 population have no jobs and authors have estimated that if conditions does not improve in t he near future, then the situation is going to worsen. The authors have indicated that among the total unemployment share in U.K., proportion of unemployment under the age of 25 is the highest and it accounts about 40% of the total unemployment. The entire generation is â€Å"jilted† because if unemployment percentage under the age of 35 is considered, then this figure rises to 60%. Though the government has been able to reduce the level of unemployment as a whole, yet the segment of the â€Å"jilted† generation is degrading. The authors have identified the problem of NEET (not educated, employed or trained) among the youth (9% faces the NEET problem). This implies that a formidable section of the youth does not have the required skill set required by the nation to hire them. The authors have realized that the problems begin at schools, which later manifest in the labour market. The excessively high University fees have created two classes. The percentage

Macro Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Macro Economic - Essay Example However, later a twin debt blow has been considered as one of the most prominent reasons behind the debt crisis. The twin blow came out of the banking crisis together with the previously mentioned extremely high sovereign debt. The European Central Bank (ECB) launched the single currency (euro) in 1999 along with the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), aiming to gain monetary efficiency. An Economic and Monetary Union offers a series of monetary efficiency gains in forms of accounting ease among the member states that in turn reduces opportunity cost of transforming one currency into another, development among member states would be at par owing to reduction of any possible economic shock (that are often regional in nature), member states under an Economic and Monetary Union following a common currency would also abstain from intra inflow and outflow of speculative capital, furthermore policy formation among member states would be coherent and coordinated in nature that will eventuall y usher better economic growth and development. While fiscal irresponsibility on the part of periphery countries has been considered by many analysts as the root of the ongoing crisis, this paper argues that the impact on capital flows within the euro-zone of financial deregulation and liberalization and of the adoption of the common currency was critical in exacerbating a growing competitiveness gap between core and periphery countries and explaining the evolution of the crisis. Debt crisis unfolds- credit failures The crisis in Europe began when financial markets lost confidence in the creditworthiness of PIIGS countries (Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain) and interest rates on government bonds soared to astonishing levels that forced the governments of these countries to seek bailouts from the international community, including the European Community, the IMF and the European Central Bank (ECB), collectively known as Troika. This was the period of the great financial cri sis of 2007-08 which also affected the US economy. All began with the credit markets and spread to the other sectors of the economy owing to large scale defaulters of loans (ch 31). As determinants of growth, one can say that demand is important for supply or production to expand. The ongoing debt crisis began with defaults of mortgage loans the demand for which led to a rapid boom in the housing sector which led to the final illusion when defaulters began to rise (ch 25). It is often been opined that the utopia of a welfare state amidst the current era of globalization that fuels on competitiveness (both are diametrically opposite in nature) and populist policies like raising the wage of the public sector employees in turn cumulatively burdened the governments with high level of debt. This phenomenon is most evident among periphery countries and can only be reckoned as fiscal recklessness. It is evident from the above argument that fiscal disciplines on behalf of the periphery coun tries would restore Euro its previous status without any additional measures and to be precise further fiscal incentive. What lies beneath? – Expectations and mal-adjustment A deeper analysis of the dynamics underlying the current Euro crisis exhibits that financial deregulation and liberalization was a major cause of the crisis in periphery countries in the euro-zone. Driving up expectations owing to a sudden boom can

Rise of the Modern State and China in a Democratic World

Rise of the Modern State and China in a Democratic World Rick Chelton 1). What is the relationship between war and state building in Western Europe? Why might state-building follow a different path in the post-colonial world? When considering the rise of the modern State many political scientists and historians consider Western Europe to be an exceptional case for a variety of different reasons. These reasons tend to be connected to each other and can be traced back to the dominion of the Roman Empire around 2,000 years ago. The Roman Empire connected thousands of miles of land with infrastructure and governed them under a single political machine. After the Roman Empire was effectively destroyed by invaders and left to crumble, most of the lands that it had previously governed fell into a dark age of anarchy. Eventually this anarchy would settle into the system we call feudalism. This happened because warlords would gather groups of men and declared lordship over small areas of land that they could defend easily. The lords would demand payment from the peasants that resided on their land in return for protection from rival warlords. The constant threat of rival warlords created a highly competitive envir onment in which the organizational structure of these groups was forced to rapidly evolve. Because of the volatile environment the strongest groups survived and absorbed the weaker ones. No one state was ever able to conquer the entire continent as the Romans had before, partly due to the numerous barriers that exist on the continent both geographic and ethnic in nature that limited the ability of any group to become too powerful in comparison to its rivals. The development of the State as an organizational structure led Europe to eventually have the highest concentration of politically powerful states on the globe, because of this the states of Europe would go on to colonize the rest of the world. When the Europeans took over these colonies they would impose the organizational structure of the state by force onto the native populations. Though Europes control of their colonies would gradually deteriorate, the institution of the state remained strong. People all around the world accepted the structure of the state as a necessary was to govern themselves. Over the course of a few hundred years the entire world became totally covered in modern states. The reason that the emergence of states in the postcolonial world happened so quickly and with such a relatively small amount of conflict was because the State was forcefully introduced to these areas. This is in contrast to Europe where it developed naturally without outside interference. 2) How do developed authoritarian regimes such as China challenge the liberal theory of democracy? Does Moores structural theory provide a better explanation for developed authoritarian states? Explain. China is the biggest challenge for the Liberal Theory of Democracy to explain because of its high level of development. Liberal theory would predict that as a society goes through economic development it would experience a cultural change that would shift its culture gradually towards democracy. Eventually the existing regime would have no choice but to transition to democracy or be overthrown. China goes against this theory because it has undergone a massive amount of economic change over the past couple of decades and shows no signs of slowing down. Unfortunately for this theory China has one of the strongest authoritarian regimes in the world and does not seem to be transitioning towards democracy. There are multiple authoritarian regimes similar to China, like Malaysia, which have experienced large amount of economic growth but have formed strong authoritarian regimes instead of moving towards democracy. This is problematic for the Liberal Theory of Democracy, luckily we have the structural theory to turn to for cases like this. Moores structural theory of democracy and authoritarianism states that as a society experiences large levels of economic growth it will solidify the regime if it is either authoritarian or democratic. In other words a democracy that experiences rapid economic growth will become a more stable. The same is true for authoritarian regimes like China, where rapid economic growth will lead to a strengthening of the authoritarian regime. This turns out to be a much better theory when considering powerful authoritarian regimes like China and Malaysia.

Capitalism vs. Art :: Sociology Sociological Essays

Capitalism vs. Art Works Cited Missing When an unpopular Irish playwright for the British stage said that art imitates life, no one really cared. Farquhar, a failed-actor-turned writer/director didn't really begin writing his most famous works until he was close to death, but most of his quotable notions and wit were recorded early in his life. He said this particular phrase after he killed a friend of his, and fellow actor by stabbing him with a rapier on the stage after mistaking it for a blunt foil. The late 19th century applies to Farquar's school of thought because it marks the beginning of a three-stage approach to a comparison between capitalism and art. Frederic Jameson describes these stages as realism, modernism, and postmodernism . Each of these three stages is associated with the specific type of capitalism that was popular at that time: realism is associated with market capitalism, modernism with monopoly capitalism, and postmodernism with consumer capitalism. Cornel West, like Jameson, identifies further similarities between capitalist movements and artistic movements in the past century on two levels. On the broader spectrum, West says that civil crisis leads to social change , and that recent social crisis has been the undulating economy. On a narrower spectrum, he discusses the "existential challenge" to the New Politics of Difference, that is, "how does one acquire the resources to survive†¦ as a critic or artist?" (West 617). There is, perhaps, an alternate view that can be considered when approaching a comparison between capitalism and art. Since 1880, a strict equation between economic movement and social change could be formulated, but it does not necessarily hold true for the late 20th century and postmodernism. Postmodernism was affected by economic crisis, but because the United States has not faced economic crisis in two decades, the postmodern movement has suffered greatly. Two of the first realist writers were Honore de Balzac and George Eliot. Balzac's Le Comedie Humaine (1830) "contains none of the baser instincts of man that are glorified in romanticism," (Alter 201). In this 20-year compilation work, Balzac covered many topics, but according to Robert Alter, president of the Association of Literary Scholars and Critics (1997), the most important one is that of social and economic ambition. Eliot's Middlemarch (1871) "viewed human life grimly, with close attention to the squalor and penury of rural life" (Alter 8). Alter says that she is one of the first writers whose work was entirely saturated with pessimism.

Counting cells using the pour plate method Essay

In the start of this assignment, I was told to choose one of seven other experiments to do. I chose the Counting cells using the pour plate method because I find it much easier than the other ones. In addition, I have had past experience therefore; it should be straightforward. I also have more knowledge of it than the other experiments. I will be testing the effects of various items on the growth of bacteria. I will investigate using the pour plate method in which I will be counting the cells of bacteria produced, of which are viable. The pour plate method can be used to establish the amount of microbes/mL or microbes/gram in a sample. It has the benefit of not have need of earlier arranged plate, and is usually used to examine bacterial contamination of foodstuffs. While using the pour plate method, a diluted specimen is pipetted in a sterile Petri plate, and next melted agar is tipped in and combined with the specimen. Using this technique permits for a bigger volume of the diluted specimen. This is normally in the choice of 0. 1 – 1. 0ml. This technique yields colonies, which produce colonies all over the agar, not only on the surface. Caution has to be taken with this technique to guarantee that the organism to be counted is able to resist the temperatures linked with the melted agar. Dilution Factor The dilution factor is a number used for getting the whole number of infected cells from the observed data. Microorganisms are usually counted in the laboratory using methods like the viable plate count, where a dilution of a sample is plated onto an agar medium. Following the incubation, plates with 30-300 colonies per standard-sized plate are counted. This number of colonies was selected because the number counted is high enough to have statistical accuracy, so far low enough to avoid nutrient competition among the developing colonies. Each of the colonies is supposed to have arisen from only one cell, but this may not be true if chains, pairs, or groups of cells are not entirely broken apart before plating. The sample has to be controlled so that it consists of a number of cells in the right range for plating. If the cell number is high, the sample is diluted; but if too low, the sample is concentrated. Dilutions are carried out by careful, aseptic pipetting of a known volume of sample into a known volume of sterile water, buffer, or saline. This is mixed well and can be used for plating or further dilutions. If the number of cells is unknown, then a range of dilutions is usually ready and plated. HYPOTHESIS: I predict that the more the dilution is, the lesser the number of colonies. VARIABLES: I have considered the accuracy of my measurements and come to the conclusion hat the dependent variable is the aseptic technique, which in this case was E. coli. This is because I had to measure how much I had to put into each of the sterile distilled water bottles. I did not have to make many measurements but other than measuring, the E. coli and a sample of dilution into the next solution then transfer 1. 0cm3 into the petri dish. Obviously, other events took place among these measurements. The independent variable was the Pasteur pipettes which I had to keep changing every time I used one so that my solutions will not get contaminated. My variables are continuous. This means that each time I done the experiment I had to do the same thing over again, therefore they are continuous. APPARATUS:   Six universal bottles, or capped containers – each containing 9. 0cm3 of sterile, distilled water   Twelve sterile Pasteur pipettes – plugged with cotton wool 1cm3 plastic syringe, fitted with a silicon rubber connector, to attach to Pasteur pipettes   Six sterile Petri dishes   Suitable culture for counting, e. g. E. coli or sample of pasteurised milk   Supply of suitable agar medium, molten, kept in water bath at 45i C   Bunsen burner China graph pencil or spirit marker pen   Discard jar containing disinfectant Incubator at 30i C   Adhesive tape   Alcohol. Ruler The different items must be the same amount as each other and these measurements must be accurate due to incorrect results. To make sure my results are reliable I will make sure I count the cells of bacteria twice so I know if I have made any errors. HEALTH AND SAFETY:   Wear protective clothing (gloves)   Wear eye protection (safety glasses)   Tie hair up   Make sure you don’t throw the plastic syringe and sharpened pencil around due to people being stabbed by a pencil   Make sure hands are washed before and after the experiment, thoroughly with soap and water. Working area must be clean during work   Must be aware of contamination   Everything must be labeled correctly due to confusion and a mix up in solutions   Industrial Methylated Spirit is highly flammable to be careful   If the alcohol in the beaker catches on fire, cover the beaker with a damp cloth PROBLEMS WITH PLATE COUNTS:   They need long incubation for colonies to even show   When cell clump, they can guide to an error in counting the viable cells It is extremely simple to have too less or too many colonies on a plate to precisely measure viable count. Avoidance of squashing usually involves serial dilution TO AVOID CONTAMINATION OR OTHER PROBLEMS: Wash hands with soap thoroughly before and after experiment   Disinfect table before and after experiment   Ensure lid of the plate is not took off completely Do not even put the lid on the table so other bacteria does not get onto plate   Do not cough or sneeze on the plates Work near bunsen burner METHOD: Set up equipment. Label containers of sterile distilled water 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6 and the Petri dishes similarly. Label the Petri dishes on their bases. Shake the sample thoroughly to ensure that it is evenly mixed. Then using aseptic technique, transfer 1. 0cm3 of the container labeled 10-1, using the sterile pipette. After use, place the pipette into the discard jar of disinfectant. Mix this first dilution carefully then. Using a fresh sterile pipette each time, transfer a 1. 0cm3 sample of each dilution separately to each appropriate, labelled Petri dish. Again, using aseptic technique, carefully pour cooled, but molten, sterile agar medium into each Petri dish. Swirl each Petri dish very carefully to ensure that the samples and the agar are evenly mixed. Gently move each dish in a figure of eight pattern, but do not allow the agar to spill over the edge of the dishes. Allow the agar to set, and then fasten each lid with 2 pieces of adhesive tape. Invert the dishes, and incubate at 30i C. After incubation, count the number of colonies present in a dish containing a suitable dilution. Calculate the number of viable cells present in 1. 0cm3 of the original culture. As an alternative to pipetting a 1. 0cm3 sample into each Petri dish and then adding molten medium, a 0. 1cm3 sample may be transferred to a ready poured agar plate. The sample is then spread uniformly over the surface of the agar medium using an alcohol flammed glass spreader. 1. 2. 3. 4. Following a couple of days, various sorts of microbes grow as divided colonies. Cells from separate colonies could be picked up for a subculture. IMPLEMENTING This was a very quick process in which everything had to be complete straight after another. Therefore, measurements also should have been done quickly during the experiment straight away to put into whichever solution it may have been. My results have been recorded according to how much attempts I made. In each attempt, I have shown the dilution factor and how many cells I saw in each square using the see through round scale. The see through round scale had 64 squares in it. Some squares were completely filled therefore I have written that down too. I done three replicate to ensure my results were accurate. 10-6 1422 320 1088 943. 3 My results show that as the dilution factor increases the amount of colonies decrease, as stated in my hypothesis. The decrease is shown as exponential, also there no peaks. According to my results, the values are quite variable, but as predicted. The maximum value in average is at the 10-1 dilution factor, 10688 and the minimum value in average is at the 10-6 dilution factor, 943. 3. Here are my results shown on a line graph: ANALYSING CONCLUSIONS: My hypothesis stated that the more the dilution factor would be, the lesser the number of colonies. Well, according to my results, I was correct. As my dilutions increase, my colonies decrease. This is because, during the experiment when I had to take out 1cm3 of solution from 10-2 and put it into the next, which was 10-3, the E. coli was being shared, and decreased as it was let out through the syringe. When I poured it into 10-3, I had to shake it so it was mixed properly. Subsequently, I did the same again but to the next aseptic technique, which was 10-4. Again, the E. coli was being shared. Obviously, it was lesser than it was in 10-2 because it was also being shared in 10-3 and 10-2. This is why as the dilution factor raises, the colonies fall. ANOMALOUS RESULTS: As shown by my results, I only had one error. This was in my third attempt of the experiment at dilution 10-5. It may have been due to contamination while carrying out that particular part of the experiment. For example, I may have left the lid of the plate on the table, which could have not been disinfected, therefore it picked up other bacteria. Alternatively, it could have just been due to my infective flu, I probably sneezed unintentionally on the plate, which caused the whole plate to be filled with colonies. Other reasons include my hands being dirty. Next time I will make sure I wear gloves, or I sneeze to the side if I do and I ensure that I keep the desk disinfected encase I by chance leave the plate’s lid n the table. However since there was only one error, I do not think it made a huge difference to the experiment since my prediction was still correct. But next time I will be aware of these little mistakes. EVALUATION I think my results were reliable since I just made one error and did not have any other anomalies. However, i think if I was to do the experiment, again, I would improve on avoiding contamination and I would do more replicates to show my results as more reliable. My results do not have a specific trend or pattern in which they decrease in, but the fact that they do not keep increasing and decreasing shows its reliability. My replicate values are not very close together; therefore tell I should have done more replicates for accuracy. I think I may have made parallax errors when counting the cells. This means I may have miscounted the results or over counted them. This may have been because of my bad eyesight or due to distraction while counting. This could have been improved to accuracy if I counted each plate 3 times at least. So the correct amount of colonies in each plate would be certain and not doubted on. On the other hand, I could have used a different method to count the cells to make it easier for me, like using a counting meter. To achieve much accurate results I think, other than avoiding contamination, I could have changed around my method a little so it could have been done quicker or much accurately. For example, I could have just left the petri dishes in the incubator for a little longer or lesser period; I could have also used a different culture for counting. If I were to do the experiment again, I would repeat it more than just 3 times so my results can show more accuracy and I can identify where/when I went wrong. Furthermore, the next time I would limit the temperature to see if that would make a difference in allowing my results to be precise and I would also avoid causing any errors. BIBLIOGRAPHY   http://www. bio. fsu. edu/courses/mcb4403L/dilution. pdf   http://filebox. vt. edu/users/chagedor/biol_4684/Methods/platecounts.html http://biology. clc. uc. edu/fankhauser/Labs/Microbiology/Meat_Milk/Pour_Plate. htm   http://www. microbiologyprocedure. com/microbiological-methods/pour-plate-method. htm   Class notes   Class hand outs   http://www. mansfield. ohio-state. edu/~sabedon/biol4038. htm. Micro Organisms and Biotechnology, John adds. Erica Larkcom. Ruth Miller (Nelson) ISBN 0-17-448269-8   http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=AtjDUn5KfG0C&pg=PA185&lpg=PA185&dq=Counting+cells+using+pour+plate+method&source=web&ots=H1ulPxFpd3&sig=S9pvM8ulJXfrta7nuKb74VX4H5w&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=10&ct=result#PPA186,M1.

Christina Rossetti Essay

During this essay I will be comparing two poems, both written by women, and both have same theme, the poems were written a century apart and are written about woman who were taken advantage of by a man, both women in the poems become pregnant and keep the child. The poem â€Å"Cousin Kate† was written in the 19th century by a poet named Christina Georgina Rossetti, it portrays a story of chastity and double standards. It demonstrates how life was for women working in jobs such as a maiden in the eighteen hundreds, and how higher figures in society used their wealth and status to take advantage of them. A lord tricks the maid into having sex, and gets her pregnant, then later marries her â€Å"Cousin Kate†, who cannot have children, â€Å"Yet I’ve a gift you have not got, and seem not like to get. † She speaks kindly of Kate at the beginning and then gets bitter by verse 5. The maid knows that the lord would give everything he had to have a child and she is not sorry for what happened because the lord was not honorable to her and used her. Even though she is the victim she is the one that the neighbors call â€Å"an outcast thing† Where as her cousin Kate is spoken of as â€Å"good and pure† and because Cousin Kate did not have sex with the lord he married her. I think that the poet has included a few sub texts in this poem and also has written a few play on words like She was â€Å"hardened by sun and air† and her son is the lords only son therefore he is the heir to all of the lord belongings, land and wealth, and she wouldn’t give her child up for any of it, because she knows one day her son will inherit it, when the lord dies. Eileen McAuley wrote â€Å"The seduction† in the 1980’s and I personally think that something similar to what happens in this poem happened to her, even though it is written in third person. The male character in this poem makes no effort to woo the teenage girl, he gives her vodka and talks about himself, he then leads her to a riverside and seduces her. Before this, the girl used to read magazines about romance and fashion and it quotes â€Å"Where a stranger could lead you to new worlds, and how would you know if you never took a chance? â€Å". The girl was influenced by romantic thoughts, she had her own ideas, and the boy thought of it as just sex, the same as â€Å"Cousin Kate† this girl was lured and tricked into sex, and the neighbors say â€Å"she always looked the type†. In â€Å"Cousin Kate† the maid was seduced by wealth and status, and in â€Å"The Seduction† the girl was seduced by alcohol and led on by the reading of magazines such as â€Å"My guy† and â€Å"Jackie†. Both poems speak of the girls crying alone, â€Å"Even so I sit and howl in dust† and â€Å"She sobbed in the cool, locked in the darkness of her room. † But where as in â€Å"The Seduction† the young girl cries because of all the innocents and fun she has missed the maid in â€Å"Cousin Kate† Cries because of the mistake she made of sleeping with the lord before they were married. Both of these poems portray the women to be naive and innocent. Both characters (The Maid & The Young Girl) feel betrayed by the men, in â€Å"The Seduction† the poet writes about how the girl has missed out on petty things like Glossy horoscopes, â€Å"Full of fresh fruit diets – how did she feel betrayed? † and in â€Å"Cousin Kate† the poet writes about how if she could marry the lord now she wouldn’t have and how her intensions were totally honorable but he just used her and discarded her, â€Å"I would have spit into his face, and not have taken his hand† . In conclusion, both of these poems show how society looks down on pregnant young girls, and how times really haven’t changed over 100 years, it also demonstrates how in the 19th century a young poor girl could be seduced by wealth and status and still this happens in the 21st century. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

buy custom Gay Rights essay

buy custom Gay Rights essay Special rights is a phrase used to refer to laws granting privileges to one and more groups of which are not extended to all other groups. Thoughts of special rights are contentious, as they spar with the theory of fairness before the law. Same-sex marriage happens to be a legally or socially accepted marriage between two people of the same social gender. Ever since the year 2001, ten countries and other several jurisdictions have begun officially formalizing gay-sex marriages and the recognition of marriages such as those ones happens to be, political, social, civil, moral, and religious in many nations. The conflicts occur over whether gay-sex couples be supposed to enter into marriage, be required to use diverse status like such as a public union, which either gives equal rights as marriage or restricted rights in contrast to marriage, or fail to have at all such rights. A linked concern is whether the word marriage should be applied. An argument to support the gay marriage happens to be denying gay and lesbian couples lawful access to marriage and every one of its assistant benefits represents favoritism based on sexual orientation; various American scientific bodies concur with this assertion. Another argument in hold up of the same-sex marriage is the allegation that psychological, physical well-being, financials are enhanced by marriages, ABC and that children who are of the same-sex couples have a benefit of being brought up by two parents within a officially recognized union which is supported by societys institutions. The Court documents that are filed by the American scientific associations states that singling out same-sex as being ineligible for marriage it stigmatizes and also invites public prejudice against them. American Anthropological organization avers that social science research did not support the analysis that either civilization or feasible social orders depend in the lead of not recognizing same-sex marriage. Some other arguments for same-sex marriage happens to be based upon what is referred as a general human rights issue, physical and mental health concerns, sameness before the law and also the aim of normalizing LGBT associations. Al Sharpton and numerous other authors point opposition to same-sex marriage as being from homophobia or heterosexism and associate prohibitions on the same-sex marriage to precedent prohibitions on interracial marriage. One argument in opposition to same-sex marriage happens to arise from a refutation of the use of the remark "marriage" as apply to same-sex couples, and also the objections concerning the legal and social class of marriage itself being useful to same-sex partners beneath any terms. Other stated arguments consist of direct and the indirect social penalty of same-sex marriages, tradition, Parenting concerns and religious grounds. Just like homosexuals have shown amongst us the quite a long period of time, when most these does not go successfully, application of any word in shutting the opposition may prove quite helpful. The one ought to go ahead and teach them that there is no particular time when name will ever be repeated by children, as is so vile. Then shun all those adults who would make an attempt of using selected words in order to figure out the true nature as pertains to nature of it with regard to all who practice it. And, to top that all off, the given perpetrators will seek for, and lobby even for, politicians who tend to legislate into the law some unsuitable punishments to prevent anybody who never agrees to go along with their given hoax that is devised to purposely break Gods law and mans law. When growing up, the phrase, queer, was used by the society to identify men and women who happened to have a physical complex on the same sex like them. It was known as abnormal behavior. And many parents protected the ears and eyes of their kids; this was mainly to ignore such behaviors within their existence and also teaching their children to fasten it out. During that time, though many such abnormal adherents happened to be found amongst the artists and in the entertainment fields, the queer society seemed to have established some degree of decorum by not pompous their lifestyle in opn humanity. For the most part, the Americans tried to be considerate and, in some cases, still supportive in acknowledgment of their uncertainty about whom they were. Though, perplexed or not, they have silently perpetrated one of the best hoaxes ever made to the American people. This had to do with a comparatively easy-to-debunk reply from opponents. But it yet had to fully happen. They know what God had to say concerning it and they had resisted His way. Due to this, the gay way has contaminated every region of this nations heretofore general logic way of life, as it pertains to Godly role of men and women, to say nothing concerning their different bodily aspects of life. The problem that we are still facing is that Americans are still fighting against a lie from the beginning. Once you begin out with the wrong basis, no matter how much you attempt, the reply will never be correct. The trouble will only get worse. The false basis the homosexual society foist upon this nation was to encourage the nation that gay and lesbian, and now, tri- bi- and anything else they can approach up with, is a right they have by asset of the United States establishment and that the homosexuals are permitted to equal shield of the law in the same way the black people acquire privileges as a protected class. And it would emerge that, following the same strategy of the civil privileges movement, the queer generation resolute that they would plan their own agenda in a similar way so as to help them to justify their adopted wicked lifestyle. And later they put out to do it. On the other hand, that attitude is a lie from the pits of Hell. This had caused the deterioration of an entire culture into making an excuse for distortion which infect this nation and threatens it more than it had ever done and it forever redefine what marriage constitutes of and the family structure.(Agren, "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages). It does not matter how much everybody wants to eliminate Gods plan for all humanity and rephrase the laws of God to man, it will eternally remain true that only one man and one woman are supposed to mate. Even in the animal kingdom there is enough sense to understand definite difference between the sexes! There happens to be only two sexes so is this so difficult to be sorted out? Is there need for further proof? Separate all men from all women as long as the east is from west and then wait to see how many generations that will come forth. Since they are so far ahead, they will neither listen nor adhere. This is the time that the citizens should stop capitulating their hoaxes. For many years, they lined together as a group, re-branded they, faked their platform, and designed to attack our school boards to intimate their program into the re-education of pliable young minds. Whereas they waited, they stomped the Judeo-Christian and also the loyal constitutional foundational truths and made away with it step by step until the Americans feud about the most essential way of life (i.e., who happens to be a man and a woman and by how much should the government arbitrate towards changing of the physiological fact of life?). But for the political rightness, and as the FOX Cable TV says, a fair and unbiased debate about the theme, we would never be confronted with such unbearable circumstances today. This should have been stopped starting from the beginning. Telling the truth about something happens to be more than fair. Special Rights versus Homosexual Hoax Homosexuals, in spite of what name they desire to call themselves, are in problem and the American society require not suffer, for the reason of their inadequacies. They worked on the makers of the law until they incorporated them in the cosseted class while they affirmed what would be sufficient for them. Then they used their unlawful laws gained to push the rights far that they persisted to make up out the entire cloth when, in reality, they already had their lawful rights which were gained altogether by the citizens in agreement with laws formed against prejudice of creed, color, religion, race and national origin. If anyone fits into any of those legal cattegories, their rights are already confined. Therefore, Homosexuals have gained special rights by enduring to atrium legislators to surpass more laws to incorporate, their unexpected lifestyle as a right. Where it leaves all other deviant behaviorist? Are they also supposed to be accepted? Then is it not possible to open the gates of the jail houses and then free everybody to roam around the streets and do all that pleases them? This will never come to happen in a stable society. Since there is an obvious definition concerning the male and female sexes, there are clear definite races of people. That is, until the homosexual society misinformation spread like wild fire in a previous civilized society. The term, multiplicity, which became a new buzz expression, for the gay lifestyle, today the word, gay does not only apply to a person who loves life and likes celebrating life. The gay lifestyle may require further debate, if there is need, but it is not on the matter of what marriage and family constitutes of, or whether they need to hear it or not, God settled that question that any one who tries to teach something else will ever make it to be untrue. Similarly, the long-time argument whether the government should allow this behavior of gay marriage to continue ceased to be realistic when they practically put their bedroom behaviors everywhere into our streets! Contrary to accepted opinion, the government has a role to play and not only when it suits their unholy behavior. If this was not the case, there would be no need for prisons and the police to supervise all kind of behaviors. There also would be no importance of having laws and penalties enacted because of prevention against people breaking them. Which is the reason why the homosexuality be legislated as precise and as an applicable lifestyle? Since they know it is not a right behavior and thus they could not do otherwise to get it through any of the lawmaking body although this nation, since the citizens would never be in support of it. The Gay Rights Family and Relationships The gays should be allowed to adoption children in each and every state. This is not supposed to be only in the nineteen states. Just like in the nineteen states, they adopt mainly in a complex and expensive processes, where one parent first adopts a child and the second parent petitions for joint rights. They should also have ceremonial marriage which may be official including even the church elders or ay one else. They should also be allowed have a domestic partnership registration, where by they are allowed to go to public records like a non-married couple. This is a major benefit since it establishes a legal responsibility after a relationship dies. They also ought to be offered a domestic partner benefits as workers in an organization since is based to sign a legal affidavit which defines an economic relationship. Gay-rights movement organizes an effort to stop the criminalization of homosexuality and also protect the social rightsof homosexuals. Whereas, there were some planned movements on behalf of the rights of homosexuals since the mid-19th throughout the first half of the 20th century, modern gay-rights progress in the United States is regularly said to have started with the Stonewall riot during June, 1969 at the New York City, and this resulted from a police raid on an unlawful gay bar. A number of groups, were formed to work to abolish the laws prohibiting consensual homosexual behavior; for legislation without discrimination not in favor of gays in housing and also in employment; and for greater recognition of homosexuals amongst t all the people. Through 1999 the anti-sodomy law of 32 states was repealed or confirmed as unlawful; in all states but only five states, the anti-sodomy laws were applied to both homosexual and heterosexuals. The highest Court reversed all state anti-sodomy laws during the year 2003; it ruled that any Texas law which was applying to homosexuals was unauthorized, but the Court repudiated a 1986 resolution where it had refused to broaden the right of confidentiality to consensual sexual acts. Buy custom Gay Rights essay

Texting While Driving Essay Example

Texting While Driving Essay Example Texting While Driving Essay Texting While Driving Essay Smartphone has impacted almost all walk of human life. Mobile technology has drastically changed the cultural norms and behavior of individuals. The major impact of Smartphone is on PC market. According to a survey by Compete, a web analytics firm, a large number of people almost up to 65% are using their smart phones to read news feeds, post status updates, read amp; reply to messages and post photos. This shows that now people are leaving PCs and moving towards Smartphones. Texting while driving is a growing trend, and a national epidemic, quickly becoming one of the country’s top killers.Drivers assume they can handle texting while driving and remain safe, but the numbers don’t lie. When it comes to driving, teenagers have a lot of factors working against them like inexperience, impulsiveness, the challenge of navigating their complex social and emotional lives and the road at the same time. According to the documentary, 100,000 accidents in the US every year are caused by drivers using mobile phones. When they are texting while driving they could not focus on driving. The careless of driver will causes the car accident happens.Alongside victims, the documentary also features interviews with the perpetrators who have killed and injured people through careless driving. Texting While Driving Purpose/Goal: To address the issue of texting while driving and the effects it has. Audience: The citizens of the town of Winnipeg Setting: Large hall belonging to the municipal council Organization: Single sitting arrangement with an audience of approximately 150 people Supporting Material(s): The use of audiovisual equipment for instance a power point presentation to enhance the effect of the presentation Delivery: The speech will be delivered orally to the audience. The speaker may also use non-verbal cues in order to engage the audience more in the presentation. He or she may use facial expressions or gestures to this effect. Strengths: This presentations’ greatest strength is that the speaker will be able to forge a relationship with the audience. The audience will, therefore be more engaged in the presentation. The speaker can involve the audience members in the speech by use of questions for instance and this will improve the presentation. Weaknesses: The major weakness the speaker will encounter will be that he or she does not know al the members of the audience personally. This will be disadvantageous because he will not he or she able to address to their particular ideas and may not get all their attention. INTRODUCTION: Good morning everyone, I take this opportunity to welcome you to this meeting and to thank you for gracing us with your presence. Attention Getter: I believe that all of you are aware of the road accident that took place recently. It claimed the life of one of the third grade students in one of our local schools. It was claimed that this accident resulted due to the negligence of the driver who was texting as he was driving. Thesis: Texting while driving is a hazardous practice that endangers the lives of the pedestrians as well as other motorists (Leeming et al, 2007). Overview: Texting while driving has several effects on the driver and these effects culminate in occurrences such as road carnage. TRANSITION: All the motorists to ensure the safety of our roads should avoid the issue of texting while driving. Major Ideas (BODY): I. Drivers who drive as they text have their attention diverted from driving in order for them to text. A. Texting requires some level of attention to avoid making errors in the message. This takes the focus of the driver away from the road. B. The attention that should have been accorded to driving the car is therefore dramatically reduced and this is very dangerous to the other drivers and pedestrians TRANSITION: The averting of the attention of the driver while he or she is driving because he or she is texting may prove dangerous. II. Because the driver is not focusing on driving entirely, this makes him vulnerable to accidents that could have been avoided in ordinary circumstances. A. Most road accidents occur due to unnecessary mishaps and their frequency is increased when the drivers are engrossed in something else such as texting. B. An example of such an occurrence is if a car breaks down on the road, the probability of the distracted driver to run into the car is high since he or she will mot be notice the other drivers avoiding the car since they are busy texting. TRANSITION: These unnecessary road accidents can be avoided if only the drivers avoid texting while driving. III. The road accidents caused by the drivers who text while driving will affect the students in our community the most (TRL, 2011). A. A large number of the schools in this area are in close proximity to the residential areas. This means that the students therefore travel to school on foot. B. However if such accidents keep happening, the parents will require to spend a lot more money to obtain transport for their children to and from school. They will do this to ensure that their children are safe from road accidents. C. In the case of the student that was run over recently, the accident occurred as she crossed the road. The traffic lights signified it safe for the pedestrians to cross the road but one driver who was texting did not see the lights and so he hit her. TRANSITION: The safety of the children in our community should be paramount and everything should be done to ensure their well-being. CONCLUSION: All drivers should stop using technological devices while driving in order to ensure that they are not endangering the lives of the other civilians. Summary: Texting while driving has several effects. Drivers in this situation are sidetracked and they may cause accidents. These accidents can be avoided if this issue is seriously considered. Memorable Statement: In order to ensure the safety of this community, it is imperative that all the drivers stop using mobile phones while driving. Let the saddening demise of the young child be a constant reminder of the harmful effects of texting while driving. References Leeming, J. J., Mackay, G. M., Pole, K. F. M., Fitzgerald, P. J. (2007). Road accidents: Prevent or punish? Oswestry: Quinta TRL Limited. (2011). Pedestrian road accidents: Update (2007-2010). Bracknell: HIS News10. (2011).Story retrieved from: news10.net/news/local/article/162381/2/Auto-v-pedestrian-accident-claims-9-year-old-in-Marysville

Azuria Medical Problems Essays - Medicine, Health Care, Free Essays

Azuria Medical Problems The state-run medical system has collapsed in Azuria, and only rudimentary care is available through NGOs (when they aren't being shot or kidnapped). Statistically there is supposed to be one doctor for every 4,640 people in Azuria. Diarrhea, communicable and parasitic diseases are rampant in the country. Chloroquine-resistant malaria is present in all parts of the country. Larium should be used for chemical prophylaxis. Cholera, dracunculiasis (Guinea worm), cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, rabies, relapsing fever and typhus (endemic flea-borne, epidemic louse-borne and scrub) are prevalent. Azuria is also receptive to dengue fever, as there have been intermittent epidemics in the past. Meningitis is a risk during the dry season in the savanna portion of the country, from December through March. Schistosomiasis may also be found in the country and contracted through contact with contaminated freshwater lakes, streams or ponds. A yellow fever vaccination certificate is required for all travelers coming from infected areas. There's also a pesky little problem with Tumbu Fly, a local maggot that burrows into human skin, munching on flesh all the way. The larvae grows big enough to rip out flesh before it turns into a fly. Hospital Resources No non-trauma medical care is being delivered at the hospitals. If the needs of those with chronic or acute medical conditions, such as diabetes, are being met, it is likely to be through the efforts of private physicians working out of their private homes in the community. Hospitals provide casualty care to heavily populated portions of the country. Digfer Hospital in Mogadishu has the capacity for about 650 inpatient beds, with an estimated current inpatient census of 1,000 patients. Benadir Hospital in Djibouti City has approximately the same capacity and current census. Medina Hospital in Mogadishu currently holds approximately 400 patients. Hospital needs in the north are served by a team of five Azuri physicians who set up the "Health Emergency Committee" on April 18, 2005. They work out of 27 converted villas, which have been combined to form what is called Karaan Hospital, where most of the emergency surgery takes place. An additional set of 16 villas in the north constitute a collective inpatient ward, Karaan 2, for patients who are convalescing from acute injury. The total number of patients hospitalized in these 45 villas is approximately 5,000 to 6,000 people. For medicines, the Karaan Hospital relies entirely on weekly supplies brought in by the ICRC. The physical condition of the acute care areas of these hospitals is uniformly austere and, with the exception of the casualty and operating areas of Medina Hospital, where the expatriate staff from Mdecins Sans Frontires-France (MSF) have taken over and renovated the most advanced of the city's surgical units, conditions are unsanitary. As the factional fighting prompted urban fighting and then as the intra-clan conflict broke out, makeshift casualty wards were set up in the existing entryway in the other two hospitals in the south during the course of the past year. During this year, both parties to the conflict have looted and destroyed public and private facilities. They have not spared hospitals. Digfer Hospital was particularly hard-hit and stripped almost bare of equipment, furnishings, and supplies. The ICRC had opened a hospital for the care of acutely injured casualties for the north in early February, but after one week of operations, was forced to close it abruptly in the face of active hostilities. (The hospital is operational again; see below). The surgical care structures on the north are even more minimal, since they were built as private homes. With the exception of the acute casualty and surgical areas of Medina Hospital, none of these hospital structures have screens over the windows to keep out flies and other insects. Electricity is available only to the operating areas on an intermittent, limited basis, from locally maintained diesel fueled generators. Running water is infrequent and unclean. There is no oxygen available in the city and no inhalation anesthesia possible. Surgical drapes are scarce or non-existent, depending on the site or hospital. Sterilizers occasionally work and are used according to varying routines and frequency. Much of the surgical equipment in most of the sites is re-used without interim sterilization over a 24-hour period. Casualty and operating areas are mopped down intermittently, depending on the volume of cases arriving in acute condition. Available antibiotics included penicillin and erythromycin; medicine for the prevention of tetanus was in short supply. Medical support can continue to be provided at its current rudimentary level only if the lifeline provided by the ICRC can be maintained. Medical supplies to both sides of the city and food rations for

Security Essentials 4.4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Security Essentials 4.4 - Essay Example Averagely the institution retains a population of two thousand two hundred and ninety convicts. Prior to the admission of any offender to the Indiana Level 1 Prison, proper considerations are made basing on the type of offense committed. The offenses that meet a maximum imprisonment in Indian level 1 prison are capital crimes including murder, robbery with violence and terror among others (Smith, 2014). The second criterion is the length of the sentence. Offenders convicted for ten years and above are eligible for detention in the facility. The institution also admits convicts awaiting capital sentences like hanging, death by shooting or injection. Criminal history is a third criterion for eligibility into India level 1 prison. Offenders with multiple criminal records suffer admission into the facility while fast offenders may be pardoned into minimum prisons. The service offers intake programs to newly admitted offenders. During the intake, each offender is evaluated through interviews, analysis of his medical reports and admission of diagnostic tests. The evaluation process serves the purpose of forming the convict’s facility and program assignment (Smith, 2014). It includes the activities that the convict will engage and appropriate tasks marching his ability and health condition. Indian level 1 prison being a maximum prison keeps the records of the convict’s information. It includes the offender’s credentials, home, place of resident and contacts. The security officers manage the prisoner’s accounts with an aim of rehabilitating the convict appropriately. The facility offers visitation services to the inmate’s relatives and friends. All the visitors are entered into the offenders approved visitors list (Smith, 2014). The visitation day and time varies, convicts at Indian level 1 prison are visited once after every 14 days. The visiting time lasts from two to three hours. Before

Equations of Motion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Equations of Motion - Essay Example For any vibration to occur, a restoring force must be in existence. In this respect, a restoring force is identified in a pendulum. The restoring force is applied by the springs as long as Hooke’s law is observed. The restoring force, therefore, is proportional to the extension (e) with the constant (K) as the spring constant. That is force is equal to the extension times the spring constant (f=k e). The number of oscillations per unit time is equal to the frequency. Frequency is measured in units referred to as hertz (Hz). The motion of a simple pendulum is one of the phenomena that can be used to approximate the simple harmonic motion. The motion is sinusoidal and is a demonstration of resonant frequency that is single (Dunwoody, H. 2000). A pendulum is a simple set up in which a string is attached to a small bob. The string is clamped, and when it is displaced, it swings in a to and fro motion. The time that would be taken to complete one oscillation is referred to as perio dic time (T). The periodic time depends on the length of the pendulum and the acceleration due to gravity (g). That is T=2?v (l/g) Where l is the length of the pendulum whereas g is the acceleration due to gravity (g). When a body is vibrating, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy (Dunwoody, H. 2000). ... This paper explores an experiment of simple harmonic motion by studying a pendulum (Grant, R., 2005). The hypothesis of this experiment is that increasing the length of the pendulum shall increase the periodic time (T) of a simple pendulum. Method Apparatus The instruments and apparatus that were used in this experiment included the simple pendulum, stop watch, meter rule, and protractor. Procedure. The simple pendulum was set up. The setup was made up of three regions. The centre was the pendulum. The length of the pendulum was chosen for the pendulum by using the slider on the left side of the screen. This value was recorded in the data table. The amplitude was raised to about 20 degrees. This value was equally recorded in the data table. The start animation button was clicked, and when the pendulum passed its lowest point, the timer was started. The time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 cycles was taken, and the timer stopped as the pendulum passed through the lowest point on ce again. This time was recorded in the data table. The mass of bob and the amplitude were kept constant. The length of the pendulum was varied and the period of oscillation determined for certain pendulum length. A series of the values for the period were determined through a number of trials. The length of the pendulum was varied so as to determine whether the period of oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum cord. About four trials were done using the same amplitude but changing the pendulum lengths. The results obtained were used to plot a graph of period versus the length and graph of period against the square root of the length. Results. Table 1: A table showing the data collected. Trial Length (m) L2 (m2) Time for 10 oscillations (s) S2

Internship monthly report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Internship monthly report - Assignment Example I participated in several activities like; preparing several master programs. I was briefed on the idea before I began doing it. I also took part in the view and price analysis of the Baltimore house project. It was fun as well as challenging as I had to do it on my own and later explain why I thought it was so to the rest. Another challenging activity I did was to participate in a meeting representing one of my supervisors who was on holiday. I had to report to representatives from other departments on issues concerning the Baltimore project plan of the Wing Hong Street project. It was very exciting since I had to contribute to the meeting alone. I gained the essential knowledge concerning the job nature of building and construction. For this second month, I learnt how to co-operate with diverse parties from a customer perspective. I established that problems in communication were the most tricky to address in property management. Junior, Ricardo  M., Josà ©Ã‚  R. Quevedo, Civil Engineer, Jorge  M. Jr, and Paulo  S. Fontoura. "THE NECESSARY BACKGROUND FOR IMPLEMENTING AND MANAGING BUILDING DESIGN PROCESSES USING WEB ENVIRONMENTS."  (2007):

Pop Art and Harlem Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pop Art and Harlem Renaissance - Essay Example Harlem Renaissance was characterized by an overt racial pride that was representing the New Negro idea, who believed through production and intellect of music, art, and literature could challenge the pervading stereotypes and racism to foster socialist or progressive politics, social, and racial integration (Wintz, 2007). The movement sought to break free of bourgeois shame and Victorian moral values about lives’ aspects that may be seen by the whites as reinforcing racist beliefs. It should be noted that a specific school of thought did not dominate the Harlem Renaissance; instead, it was characterized by intense debate that laid the groundwork for subsequent African American art. It attracted a remarkable concentration of talent and intellect and served as an inspiration of cultural awakening. Pop Art Renaissance happened in the mid twentieth century, in the late 1950s in the United States and earlier on in the mid-1950s in Britain. The history of pop art in the Great Britai n and North America developed differently. In the Great Britain, its origin can be traced in the post-war period and employed parody and irony. It was more academic focusing on the dynamic and paradoxically imagery of the American Popular culture as manipulative, powerful symbolic devices that was not only improving society’s prosperity, but also affected patterns of life (Wilkins and Zaczek, 2005). The precursor to the pop art Renaissance in Britain was the formation of the Independent Group in 1952 in London. This group was a gathering of young architects, critics, painters, writers, and sculptors who were challenging modernist approaches that were prevailing to culture and traditional fine art views. The discussions of this group revolved around the

Team Collaboration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Collaboration - Research Paper Example The second type is the leadership Team which has the strategic role in directing the company’s business decision. Most companies have such a team. Another type of team is the cross-functional teams. This is sometimes called the project team. It incorporates workers across different functions of the organization; mainly people with diverse areas of knowledge. They come together to share their knowledge toward a common goal. A familiar situation that needs a cross-functional team is the initiate of a new product (Robert and Barb, 2003). Sometimes we have a self-managed team. This type is also called a self-directed team; in this team, no position is granted authority. In a bid to working towards a regular goal, the team forms their action items, education, roles, and rewards system. This is usually founded on a very realistic what works, what doesn’t criteria. Some organizations have a quality circle team. This team works in a structured way to allow innovation at the same time as making management conscious of daily issues. Persons working in this team seek to locate, examine, and address issues in the workflow of their company. This is aimed at improving performance (Amy, 2004). The last type of team is the task force. This is a group of specialists that are called together with an aim of solving a predestined, distinct, and an assignment that comes once. If the duty recurs, sometimes it may also be called a commission (Amy, 2004). Developing a group into a team can be done in a four step process. The first stage is called the forming stage. In this stage, there is high dependence on leader for direction and course. There is minimal agreement on team aspirations other than those established by the leader. Individual responsibilities and roles are uncertain. The leader is obliged to answer many questions concerning the teams purpose, mission and external relationships (Amy, 2004). The next stage

Project 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Project 2 - Essay Example I will focus on Tesco QR code subway store. The project aim is to give a brief idea about how technology may help the businesses, which support me to choose this subject in my bachelor. As you know, the short term strategy is to evaluate the topic and feedback visitor’s comments. I will link the website with my Facebook, Twitter, Google plus account and send the website link by WhatsApp and Email. I will work hard and use all my experiences in order to build a good reputation to achieve the main goal in the medium term which will be explained in the next chapter. In the short term there are no goals except to build a good reputation. After ascertaining that the short term plan have been successfully accomplished, the next step which is the medium term plan goal is to present any new technology in my website so that developers may know the consumers needs throw the website to produce a new needed product also to know the other new technology in order if a developer thinking of mixing two technology together. In my study at Salford university of Business Information Technology, I have understood that by mixing the information technology with the business is a very powerful combination. Information technology supports businesses and could mean the success of enterprises if applied effectively. That is why I have chosen to present a new technology in my website and the topic of my dissertation which is about E-learning. New technology such as the apps and shopping online has become my interest which has triggered me to think about designing a new app and market it after finishing my bachelor. There are many areas where my project could support. By understanding the value of social networks and how it can affect any business in positive or negative way. Also by looking and understanding what does website ranking mean and how important is it in the internet world. Which lead me to find the best keywords and search engine

Team Collaboration Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team Collaboration - Research Paper Example The second type is the leadership Team which has the strategic role in directing the company’s business decision. Most companies have such a team. Another type of team is the cross-functional teams. This is sometimes called the project team. It incorporates workers across different functions of the organization; mainly people with diverse areas of knowledge. They come together to share their knowledge toward a common goal. A familiar situation that needs a cross-functional team is the initiate of a new product (Robert and Barb, 2003). Sometimes we have a self-managed team. This type is also called a self-directed team; in this team, no position is granted authority. In a bid to working towards a regular goal, the team forms their action items, education, roles, and rewards system. This is usually founded on a very realistic what works, what doesn’t criteria. Some organizations have a quality circle team. This team works in a structured way to allow innovation at the same time as making management conscious of daily issues. Persons working in this team seek to locate, examine, and address issues in the workflow of their company. This is aimed at improving performance (Amy, 2004). The last type of team is the task force. This is a group of specialists that are called together with an aim of solving a predestined, distinct, and an assignment that comes once. If the duty recurs, sometimes it may also be called a commission (Amy, 2004). Developing a group into a team can be done in a four step process. The first stage is called the forming stage. In this stage, there is high dependence on leader for direction and course. There is minimal agreement on team aspirations other than those established by the leader. Individual responsibilities and roles are uncertain. The leader is obliged to answer many questions concerning the teams purpose, mission and external relationships (Amy, 2004). The next stage

Indentured Servants in the Chesapeake Colonies Essay Example for Free

Indentured Servants in the Chesapeake Colonies Essay The life of the indentured servant was at best hazardous and full of pitfalls. There was not one sole factor that would determine the life success or failure of this class of people, but a instead it was determined be a series of random qualities and experiences. For example, as we will see with John Harrower, men who were strong and educated had a much better chance of surviving being indentured than a man who was weak in health or had no formal education. As we will see with Elizabeth Sprigs, women were treated with little or no respect, and they were generally subjugated to a hard and grueling service. Status, education, gender, and health were key factors in how lucrative the life of the indentured servant would be, but these would only come in to effect if you made it across the sea in a grueling seven to eight week journey. Life as an indentured servant was hard, but so was life in a poverty stricken Europe. Europeans from all over the continent were starving and looking for food. Family men were looking for ways to provide for their family and to escape an oppressive government that provided little in the answers for the common man and woman. The prospect of being indentured was sold to the people as a utopia to remove themselves from their present misery and hardships. Indentured servant hood had positive attributes for both the government and the common man. For the government, an overstressed system was seeing relief as thousands of people sold themselves into labor in the new colonies. For the people, the promise of a new and better life was presented to them in exchange for a couple of years of service. However, was this labor arraignment truly beneficial to the poor emigrants who indentured themselves to the ship captains for passage to America? The question is an important one, but it is one that doesn’t need to be asked if the person never actually makes it to America. Gollich Mitttelberger noted in a letter to his father the deplorable conditions that accompanied his voyage to America. Mittelberger states, â€Å"But even with the best wind the voyage lasts 7 weeks. On board there is terrible misery, stench, fumes, horror, vomiting, many kinds of sea sickness, fever, dysentery, headaches, heat, constipation, boils, scurvy, cancer, mouth-rot, and the like which comes from the spoiled food and foul water that they are forced to consume (Document 6, page 18). † Mittelberger went on to say that he missed his poverty stricken home and wished to return. He talked about how the ships were so overcrowded, that live children were thrown overboard when their mother would die. He recanted once that, â€Å"One day a women who was about to give birth and could not give birth under the circumstances, was pushed through a port hole in the ship and was dropped to the sea, because she was far in the rear of the ship and could not be brought forward (Document 6, page 19). † The letter was ended by telling his father that the horrors of the trip did not end once they arrived in America. Those who could not pay for their passage were held to be sold. They were not allowed off the ship until they had been purchased and could be escorted by the purchaser. Mittelberger noted that the sick suffered the most because they were chosen last, after the healthy ones had been purchased. Once an indentured servant arrived and had been purchased, there life rarely improved. In a letter from Elizabeth Sprigs to her father, she begs for him to forgive her and to send her clothes. She explains that her life is hard and that she is worked hard day and night. When they complain, they are whipped. She tells her father that their diet in is restricted to Indian corn and salt. Elizabeth begs her father, â€Å"We are almost naked, neither shoes nor a stocking to wear, and what rest we get is a blanket and some ground to lie upon (Document 5, page 17). † She goes on to plead for forgiveness from her father, and for him to send her some relief. This is in contrast to the story of John Harrower. John Harrower is both educated and seems to have a variety of connections. John uses his education to acquire work as a school master for a private family. His journal entries are of a more common experience of looking for work. Harrower came in search of becoming a book keeper. His journal follows him until he is offered the position as a school master, and he is encouraged to accept it because it is with a private family. His experience is very different and could go a long way in supporting the outrageous claims of George Alsop. George Alsop, in a book published in the Americas regaled would be indentured servants with tales of how wonderful their experience would be. He stated, â€Å"Now those that commit themselves to the care of the Merchant to carry them over, they need not trouble themselves with any inquisitive search touching their voyage; for there is such honest care and provision made†¦ (Document 6, page 6). This is a drastic different statement than Mittelberger made about the horrible conditions caused by overcrowding and the consumption of rotten food and foul water. Alsop goes on to say, â€Å"The women that go over into this Province as Servants, have the best luck here as in any place of the world; for they are no sooner on shore, but they are courted into a Copulative Matrimony, for some of them†¦ (Document 6, page 7). † This again contrasts greatly with Mittelberger who wrote about the women who were being thrown overboard because they were having complications with child birth. This also contrasts with Elizabeth Sprigs who wrote about being whipped for complaining, and given nothing to eat but Indian corn and salt. Alsop was obviously using false claims to help ensure that the cheap labor would flow steadily into the American Colonies. In July of 1640, there is an account of some indentured servants that are caught trying plot their escape. The courts decided that this was dangerous grounds, the men were whipped severely, and had the letter R burned into the side of their face. They suffered other abuses before being given back to the master (Document 8, page 23). † The life of the indentured servant was hard, and did little good to better the life the people involved. The conditions in which many were forced to work in were sub-human, and they were generally treated no better than animals. While there were no doubt a select few that profited from this, on the average this labor arrangement did not benefit the poor emigrants who came over from Europe looking for a better life.

The client server architecture

The client server architecture Abstract In this assignment we talk about the client server architecture and its model and about its advantage and compare them with each other. Also provide some solution and comments about Hures Company. Introduction:- We are now in modern age of technology. Like old time we do not need to do our daily things with pen and paper now. Modern technology gives us the power to saves the time and work become more easy without any hassle .Now multinational companies using computer for their all task. So its become more essential for everybody for their daily needs and work. Everybody now depending on computer so its really important to build up relation between computers to computers and then we also need a server means powerful computer with high requirement .Server serve Client means the user .If server cannot control the client request then its become more complicated for every single users for that regain system can be crash .and technology update time by time so the system needs to be updated. If any company crate a system that can serve 100 employee but they have like 300 employee its not possible to cover everyone needs also its become pain for everyone to work with that system. So we need better s ystem design means Better client server architecture. With the right level of attention to client/ server systems and application design. But poor design can ruin this utopian vision; making upgrades every bit as painful, time-consuming, and costly as installing a new mainframe. Colin White writes that the benefit of client/server computing is the availability of Hardware servers that scale from a small uni-processor machine to a massively parallel Machine containing hundreds, possibly thousands of processors. Corporations can now match the computing power of the server to the job at hand. If a server runs out of capacity, the old server can simply be replaced by a larger one. This change can be made without affecting existing client workstation users or the tools they employ. This provides not only scalability, but also flexibility in handling hardware growth as compared with central mainframes where an upgrade is a major undertaking that is both costly and time consuming. (Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. ) Client-server architecture A web page (HTML page) that contains the same information for all users. Although it may be periodically updated from time to time, it does not change with each user retrieval. A program / script file executed on the web server in response to a user request. A CGI script is usually executed to process the data sent when a form filled in by a user is sent back to the web server. Server side scripting means that all of the code is executed on the server before the data is passed to the users browser. In the case of PHP this means that no PHP code ever reaches the user, it is instead executed and only the information it outputs is sent to the web browser PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor.PHP pages typically have .phtml,php or .php3 file name extensions. An open source technology. ASP: Active Server Pages .A Microsoft technology. Extension .asp. JSP: Java Server Pages .jsp pages contain Java code. SSI: Server Side Includes. Involves the embedding of small code snippets inside the HTML page. An SSI page typically has .shtml as its file extension. With this technology now its become really easy to create large website and maintain it easily. Introduction to 2-Tier Architecture Two-tier client/server architectures have 2 essential components A Client PC and A Database Server Tier Considerations: Client program accesses database directly. Requires to code change to port to a different database. Potential bottleneck for data requests .High volume of traffic due to data shipping. Client program executes application logic. Limited by processing capability of client workstation (memory, CPU) .Requires application code to be distributed to each client workstation. (Less than 50 users). Introduction to 3-Tier Architecture 3-Tier client-server architectures have 3 essential components: A Client PC An Application Server A Database Server 3-Tier Architecture Considerations: Client program contains presentation logic only Less resources needed for client workstation No client modification if database location changes Less code to distribute to client workstations One server handles many client requests More resources available for server program Reduces data traffic on the network Comparing both types of architecture Tier 2 architecture is therefore a client-server architecture where the server is versatile means it is capable of directly responding to all of the clients resource requests. In tier 3 architecture however, the server-level applications are remote from one another, i.e. each server is specialized with a certain task eg:- web server/database server. Tier 3 architecture provides: Flexibility. Increased security at each level. Increased performance. Benefits of the Client/Server Model Cost savings. Scalability. Manage workflow. Provide multi-tier service Instrumentality Disadvantages of the client/server model Client/Server architecture also has the following drawbacks: increased cost: due to the technical complexity of the server a weak link: the server is the only weak link in the client/server network, given that the entire network is built around it! Fortunately, the server is highly fault tolerant (primarily thanks to the RAID system) (http://en.kioskea.net/contents/cs/csintro.php3) Problem Faced by Hures Company and its solution:- According to the problems faced by Hures, its Primarily, its not that system they made for future use .it did not have that capability to the handle the future demands or needs of the company. the developer of the system did not focused on the future strength of the system or the adjustment of the system, different changes on both external and internal environment which change the over flow of information in the company. In order to come up with the current problem of Hures system, Client-Queue-Client can be applied as alternative architecture. This uses a passive queue which allows the client instances to communicate directly with each other, which will refine their request from the services. This is helpful for Hures because it can help to support and prevent any problems that are related with the server (Exforsys Inc n.d.).. Client queue is used in order to take track of the number of client connections. Therefore, the server can trace which resources the client has obtained, and the server can release the resources after the client connection breaks down (Chan Leong 2003). Intranet is a network that is built by using the same tools and protocols that are used by the global Internet but applied instead to the internal network of an organization. It can be describe like a closed-circuit television system, which can be viewed only by those people within the organization that owns the system (Lowe 2009). Intranet site is a web site that is viewable only to those within the network of an organization. Even though based on the same protocols as the World Wide Web, an intranet is protected from the outside world either by not being connected to the outside or through a series of hardware and software obstacles known as a firewalll (Matthews Matthews 2003, p. 64). The development of an intranet web site using secure log cons to access the information is not a new idea. Many corporate locations use a secure internal site for vital information to be used by employees of the corporation and management only. The design of such a site could be simple using HTML, Java and CSS and may provide a variety of links to various databases stored within the network server(s). Security features can be enhanced by requiring the changing of passwords on individual users every thirty (30) days. Obviously, one counter position of establishing an internal web site would be that of cost and implementation. Depending upon the OS of the server, it would be necessary to create the web site and establish users with passwords to access the site. This would take some time to develop and the amount of individuals accessing the site would have to be considered in the overall budget required for implementation. Threats to the security of any open network system will always exist. Proper network monitoring on a continuous level severely reduces the risk of infiltration from outside sources. Network security should be the most important aspect of any company/corporation within the network structure. Reducing allowable events such as user abilities to plug in devices to their individual workstations, remote monitoring using camera feeds in various places within the office. Again, the cost of this will be substantial however, to maintain the integrity of the network should be of the highest priority and can reduce the severity of lost revenue. Disadvantages in intranet that its really expensive to maintain and setup. Need high qualified people or team to maintain its resources. Peer-to-peer and client-server architecture have different advantages and pros. It enables to take advantage of the wireless and Internet technology, at the same time, take advantage of the privacy and security which can be offered by client/server system. Intranet and internet both are famous worldwide so i will develop daily basis and needs to upgrade time wise. References: Books:- Colin White, Supporting High-Performance DSS Applications, InfoDB 8(2) (1994), 27. Chan, A T S Leong, H V 2003, Cooperative Internet Computing, S:pringer. Lowe, D 2009, Networking for Dummies, For Dummies. Matthews, M, Matthews, C B Poulsen, E 2003, Microsoft Office FrontPage 2003: The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill Professional. Website:- http://members.tripod.com/ChannuKambalyal/NTierArchitecture.pdf http://www.webdevelopersnotes.com/basics/client_server_architecture.php3 Exforsy:-Peer-to-Peer and Client-Queue-Client Architecture, http://www.exforsys.com/tutorials/client-server/peer-to-peer-and-client-queue-client-architecture.html [Accessed 17 February 2010]

In Liam OFlaherty´s The Sniper, all of these are brought to an acute r

In Liam O'Flaherty ´s The Sniper, all of these are brought to an acute reality in a single war-torn city. Strong cerebral convictions and opposing philosophies, due to which people want to destroy. The Sniper How does the author depict the turmoil and plight in a war-torn city in â€Å"The Sniper†? Anger, pain, death and remorse- all unpleasant, but all are faced and handled in every war. In Liam O'Flaherty's "The Sniper," all of these are brought to an acute reality in a single war-torn city. Strong cerebral convictions and opposing philosophies, due to which people want to destroy the seemingly â€Å"wrong† plague this world and are the main reason for plight. To aid in his creation of such emotional conflict, turmoil and plight, the author has portrayed the sniper as a very controversial character. This story is oriented around one character in the Civil War which he should not even be in as he is mentioned to be a â€Å"student† in the story. The story whose main theme is violence, attempts to chronicle the short span of fanaticism that inspires youth that leads to turmoil in the first place. In this chaotic situation however, fanaticism is what one may need in order to survive and this is exactly what the sniper is facing. This is shown when the sniper is said to be the â€Å"student with the face of an ascetic†. He has one task to perform- to kill the soldiers of the Free States. However, the most important line that catches the attention of the reader is â€Å"†¦the eyes of a man who is used to looking at death.† This is very ironic as he was earlier compared to a student who is like a symbol for innocence where now he is spoken of as a murderer. He is engrossed in fulfilling his duty and is now a student of violence.... ...s’ the life of a soldier. The gory sights in the city of Dublin, torn apart and paralysed with war and fear is depicted by people bleeding in the gutters till they die and rapid gunfire everywhere followed by a deafening silence. Killing is done in cold blood and even then, the sniper maintains calm until he kills his opponent sniper on the opposite rooftop. This calmness in goriness clearly justifies the turmoil and the plight that the author shows in this short story. The author uses the course and characters of the story to chart the course of the characters in every scene of violence everywhere. The emphasis given to the bloodshed, the war, the loss of life is more than what is given to the feelings, the people and the life and in this way Liam O’Flaherty has depicted turmoil and plight in the war-torn city in this short story titled â€Å"The Sniper†.

The Bubonic Plague :: essays research papers

The Bubonic Plague is one of the most deadly diseases of all time as well as one of the most famous. Although it is not common these days to see it, it was widespread during the medieval times where millions had died. It was so widespread, it was said that there was not enough living to bury the dead. Rodents ran the unsanitary streets that carried the fleas that had the disease. This is how the Bubonic Plague was spread. It was believed at the time by the people that the gods were punishing them for things they had done wrong in the past. The Bubonic Plague is transmitted either though an infected rodent (rats, rabbits, etc.) carrying bugs (fleas). A person will become ill two to six days after being infected with the Bubonic Plague. It was first thought that the rats themselves transmitted the Bubonic Plague because when people found dead rats in the towns' streets, they would usually flee their civilization in fear of the rodents. But in 1898, Simond observed that people would only get the disease if you came in contact with a rodent or rat that was dead for a short amout of time. Simond also discovered that if you were in contact with one that had been dead for more than twenty-four hours, the chance of catching the Bubonic Plague would be quite minimal. It is called the Bubonic Plague because once you have the disease, it will, in most cases, cause lymph glands to swell up and become very tender with pain. These swollen glands are called "buboes". If the Bubonic Plague is left untreated, the bacteria will enter the blood stream and travel to other places inside the body like organs such as lungs, liver, and the spleen. If it does enter the lungs, it can cause a pneumonic form of the Bubonic Plague. The symptoms for this are high fever, chils, cough, and breathing difficulty. They may even spit up blood, depending upon how severe the infection is. Like I said earlier, the Bubonic Plague is not very common these days, but that is because we live in the United States where our sanitary level is fairly high. But in Africa, Asia, and South America, several people die from it every year. In fact, there is reported that world wide tehre are one thousand to three thousand cases of the Bubonic Plague each year. In the United States, the Bubonic Plague is only

Alumni Portal

ABSTRACT This project entails developing a web based application for Dau Alumni Portal for two of the faculties that is Faculty of Information Technology and the Careers Department which both are facing a problem on how to keep in touch with their graduate student. As for solving this problem, portal for alumni need to build as the objective is to create a system of a â€Å"middle person† entity, allowing alumni members and non-members to communicate in virtually.This portal is Internet web-based systems that consist of interactive web page which is accessible exchanging information between user anywhere around the globe and web set without any time constraint. In addition, management is getting updated alumni record and resources by administrators could also be done via internet. This portal integrates several software packages and programming languages suitable for the development process. It is hope this portal would greatly benefit to all people who involve with it. Table of Contents 1.Chapter I†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4 1. 0 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1. 1 Background Information ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 1. 2 Problem Statement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4 1. 3 Rationale (Justification)†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1. 4 Proposed system†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 1. 5 System Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 1. 6 Scope of the System†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 1. 7 Limitations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 1. 8 Beneficiaries†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 1. Theoretical Framework†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 2. Chapter 2 Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2. 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2. 2 Global Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2. 3 Regional Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2. 4 Local Literature Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 2. 5 Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 3. Chapter 3 Research Methods†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 2 Locality of the Project†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 . 3 Population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 4 Research Techniques†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 4. 1 Sampling Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 3. 4. 2 Interviews†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 3. 4. 3 Literature Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 3. 4. 4 Observation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 3. 5 The Platform†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 3. 5. 1 MySQL†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 3. 5. 2 PHP†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 3. 5. 3 HTML†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 3. 5. CASE Tools†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 4. Chapter 4 System Analysis†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4. 1 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4. 1. 1 Technical Feasibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4. 1. 2 Economic Feasibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦13 4. 1. 3 Operational Feasibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 13 4. 1. 4 Schedule Feasibility†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 4. 2 Implementation Plan†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 5. Chapter 5 System Design†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 5. 1 Use Case Diagram†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 . 2 Flow Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦19 5. 3 Data Flow Diagrams†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 6. Chapter 6 Coding and Testing†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 23 i) Homepage†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦23 ii) Registering of Alumni†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 iii) Login†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦29 iv) Forum Page†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦30 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦31 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦32 ? CHAPTER 1 1. 0 INTRODUCTIONToday, computers have increasingly become part of our lives at work, at home, and even when travelling. The growth of Internet has brought about revolution to human daily lives. Internet is not only a big part in research and educatio n these days, but also plays an important role in the communication technology. With the Internet, purpose is to provide easier communication and transfer of information among people around the world. Nowadays, government, private, university, and institution mostly have a web page as a primary source of information for people of all ages to access on it. . 1 BACK GROUND INFORMATION Dau University (ANU) is a member of the worldwide family of Nazarene institutions affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene founded on the same principles – the development of students in a strong spiritual environment. ANU offers a well-rounded, holistic education to help members establish themselves in three important areas as its motto: Character – Explore your faith for living. Competence – Achieve your goals for your career. Community – Find your place in the world. It is the first Nazarene University established outside of the United States.It has been an affiliate of t he Council for Christian Colleges & Universities since February 2002. It was established in the year 1994l located on the Maasai plains across Nairobi National Park, from the city of Nairobi. 1. 2 PROBLEM STATEMENT Each year, hundreds of students graduate from this university. The common problem faced by faculty is how to keep in touch with their graduate students because there is no system that has been develop to act as a â€Å"middle person† for communication among the faculty and the alumni member.Thus, developing an alumni portal for this faculty will solve the problem. The reason is that a web portal is a central point which anyone can view information and services towards the community. Virtual communities allow people with common interest to meet, communicate and share ideas and information through an online network such as the World Wide Web. Through these activities, participants develop bonds with the members of the community. The main idea of this project is to pr ovide a visual communication platform among the alumni and non-alumni (ANU community). 1. 3RATIONALE (JUSTIFICATION) The current situation faced in careers office in tracking ANU alumni show that the work flow is not under taken efficiently, there is too much time and resources wastage, for example most of the time, head of careers department has to physically go out and try to find ANU alumni out there in order to contact them of which it’s a waste of time considering having an alumni portal where the alumni themselves signup to the portal providing their contacts and work position wherever they are regardless of the distance or their geographical location.In terms of, wastage of resources, current system is losing a lot both financially and opportunity wise, since some of well placed alumni cannot be tracked or contacted to help in donation or support in improvement of infrastructure within the university or in any other difficult situation that the university might be faci ng and need external support. 1. 4 PROPOSED SYSTEM This project was focusing on web-based application, which as a new forms of interactive media between the ANU alumni members and non-alumni members (ANU community).It comprises a collection of information pages, containing both textual and graphic elements and connected with hyperlinks. By develop interactive sites which contain web pages that allow in exchanging information between the Web site and user. Additionally, storing updated record of alumni member also been provided. The scope of user involve for this project is the alumni and non-alumni that consist between the ANU administration and student of ANU itself In addition, this portal also open to general public who interested to browse around on certain information provided.It is more of a social networking website but one that concentrates or includes only the ANU alumni and ANU community. The system admin will be able to start a forum topic of which the registered members will be able to post their comments in the forum. Also the admin will be able to delete unwanted profiles and any kid of unwanted posted material by the members. Admin is also in control of creating student and lectures profile. The system also has the capability of members sending personal messages to one another e. g. alumni to alumni, alumni to admin, students to alumni and vice versa.The alumni are needed to sign up or register by inputting: Username, Password, Name, Graduation year, Program undertaken, Admission No, Phone No, Email address, Address, Current work and current Job status. Through this, they are able to interact with their former classmates and keep in touch after graduating from the prestigious university. This system will also motivate current students to perform exceptionally so as to be included in the bracket of successful alumni. The careers office and administration will then have easy access to Alumni contacts and their whereabouts. . 5 SYSTEM OBJECTIVES Th e main objective of developing this project is to create a system of a â€Å"middle person† entity, allowing alumni members and non-members to communicate virtually. Developing the portal gives a lot of benefits to alumni members, official faculty, students, lecturers and also general public. The benefit to: i. Alumni member Facilitate communication between alumni member and non-member. A communication platform for alumni could support both the information flow among faculty and alumni and among non-alumni.Existing platforms for supporting alumni interaction mainly provide address lists and news for alumni. ii. Administration Faculty Provide an easy way for tracking the alumni. Therefore, the faculty can get feedback from their graduate students. Furthermore, it improves contact with the alumni so that having maintained database of alumni record. iii. Students Enable alumni share positive career and life experiences with other student. Besides that, the alumni can mentor and advise the students. For example, alumni in certain career field can offer guidance to students who are pursuing the same field of work. v. Lecturers The lecturer is able to exchange information with the alumni member. Therefore, the lecturer may know whether they need to exchange, modify or maintain the contents of the courses. So that they can always deliver the right information for their student to fulfil the environment need from time to time. V. General Publics Allow in browsing around to get information or to find old or new friends among the alumni member where the purpose of it is to allow them to get the addresses of the alumni members. 1. 6 SCOPE OF THE SYSTEM.The proposed system will help automate the university operations of getting in touch with the alumni and alumni getting in touch with fellow alumni. The system then: i) Provide professional networking through the interaction of all faculty graduates. ii) Facilitate sharing of information with the alumni. iii) Able t o inform faculty happenings and events by inviting alumni to remain active in the Alumni Association and involve in faculty activities. iv) Provide updated records of addresses, employment, and other personal information about alumni. ) Provide stable communication between alumni and non-alumni (ANU community). vi) Help in the building of the Dau fraternity in the expansion of this community. vii) Set alumni as examples/role model/mentors to ongoing students. 1. 7 LIMITATIONS. The proposed system requires increased knowledge in IT such as network management, database management, html, user support and security, it also require more experiences in this kind of system development. Requires finances for research e. g. internet connection fee etc. 1. 8 BENEFICIARIES Those to benefit most from the new system include: ) The careers office; the department will be able to get into contact with the alumni since most of their contacts will be in their profile in alumni portal. b) The universi ty administration as a whole, administration will get to know how its own products are doing/performing in the outside world. c) Alumni themselves will benefit by keeping their bond strong and their friendship won’t be lost and also maintain close relationship with the university. d) Current students will be able to identify role models from the alumni portal and work to their goals and objectives in life. 1. 9 THEORETICAL FRAME WORKThe following theories would help deal/come up with the ANU Alumni Portal i. e. considering the evolution of the World Wide Web from Web 1. 0 to Web 2. 0 is creating subtle but profound changes in the ways people locate and access information, communicate with, and learn from each other. The changes in technologies are driving changes in human behaviour, interactions, and knowledge acquisition. The paradigms for learning have already evolved beyond traditional classroom models to synchronous and asynchronous, interactive, and collaborative learnin g, which is further extended by Web 2. tools and social networking approaches. However, recent developments in Web 2. 0 technologies are far outpacing the development of theoretical frameworks for their utilization in education and training. According to Kamel Boulos and Wheeler (2007), â€Å"the second incarnation of the Web (Web 2. 0) has been called the ‘Social Web’ because, in contrast to Web 1. 0, its content can be more easily generated and published by users, and the collective intelligence of users encourages more democratic use† (p. 2).This Alumni Portal takes a form of social networking of which it’s the practice of expanding knowledge by making connections with individuals of similar interests. In Web 2. 0 environments social networking is linked to technological services and software that make it possible for people to communicate with others from anywhere, at any time. Social networking refers to sites such as Facebook, MySpace, and Linkedin, where users set up a profile, create formal connections to people they know, communicate, and share preferences and interest.To make an ideal knowledge structure (social structure that can assume responsibility for developing and sharing knowledge) three elements are put together that is Domain, Community and Practice of which this system integrates to construct the Alumni Portal. The purpose of this system is to develop a theoretical framework to understand learning among groups of individuals that utilize social networking applications among the alumni and the university to working towards a common goal i. e. how groups of individuals can occasionally and under particular circumstances cast their thinking into a coherent whole.CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses detailed descriptions of the alumni portal and similar approaches of virtual communication, comprehensive, and critical discussion of each and other material related to the topic. 2. 2 Glo bal literature review The University of Malaysia known as USM has an alumni portal where the URL is http://www. usm. my/alumni/organisasi_main. asp. In developing the portal it uses Active Server Page (ASP) as server side scripting language together with mark-up language which is HTML. Java Script language uses in order display certain images and other things.The way of designing the portal is not so interactive, because it does not provide exchange information service between the web site and the user. The portal is more to static type of web site. Alumni web site for Kolej Agama Sultan Zainal Abidin is known as Laman Web Ex KUSZA (http://www. geocities. com/ex_kuzsa) from the website address, the web has been developing by using templates in Yahoo Geocities services. It offers very limited services and more to static web site. This web site does not have database because it does not involve storing data. 2. 3 Regional literature reviewAfter regional research on alumni portal, I ca me across the University Of Johannesburg Alumni Portal of which the developing of the portal uses Active Sever (ASP) as server side scripting language together with HTML. The portal design in home page consist of mixed use of fonts of which down grade the rating of the portal but for its functioning and its categories content is well fitted but it does not involve storing of data being one of its major lack. 2. 4 Local literature review After local research in several universities, no university within the country has an alumni portal.For example the University of Nairobi contains only description of what its alumni are but no interface or a way of interaction between its alumni and the university or interaction between its fellow alumni. (http://www. uonbi. ac. ke/node/132). It does not include data base what so ever 2. 5 Summary This chapter identified several literature reviews that related to alumni portal. Much of the literatures on portal are reporting descriptive personal exp eriences, not theoretical analyses. With developing portal that act as a one stop destination where all part of users use starting point to other resources on internet or intranet.Typically, this portal will provide many services such as search engine or directory, news, maps, email, forums and private messaging for university and the graduates' students who will use portal to gather together all the information to share with other, furthermore, is keep in touch with each other. ? CHAPTERIII RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is explanation on method and process used for research and system requirements needed for the development of the alumni portal for ANU, all of the information used for collecting research methodology. 3. 2 Locality of the ProjectThe project is being carried out at ANU, in CIS department section of system development desk. The proposed system will be web-based hence located/posted on the internet in ANU website with its. it will the students to understand material given, review sessions, and participate in conversations with lecturers. 3. 3 Population The population being focused on this system includes ANU students, its alumni and the lecturer basically the ANU community of approximately 5,000 people inclusive of all the campuses. Students who can be divided into: day scholars and boarders, lecturers who are divided into: part time and full time lecturers. . 4 Research techniques: 3. 4. 1 Sampling method Sampling is, â€Å"the process of collecting examples of the actual documents† (Systems Analysis and Design, 2010). The sampling method that will be used in this project system is the systematic random sampling of students which will involve selecting every tenth student for review so as to collect feedback concerning the proposed system in order to know what should be included and what should be discarded from the system. Undertaking sampling will also help to improve the effectiveness of information that will be obtained to be more accurate. . 4. 2 Interviews This will involve interviewing ANU community as whole i. e. current students, lecturers, ANU alumni and individuals that have knowledge on alumni, in order to evaluate their needs and preferences so that one can plan the best methods to use in the undertaking of his or her project in order to suit their needs. 3. 4. 3 Literature study This will involve consulting relevant ANU publications such as books, magazines and web pages that contain information of topic of the project inquiry and the relevant solution to the problem that one or that I will want to tackle.This will enable me to make a project that will ensure that all user needs are meet according to their preferences. 3. 4. 4 Observation This is a fact-finding technique that involves systematically selecting of ANU environment, watching and recording behavior and characteristics of objects or phenomena found within ANU community, seeing the system in action will give an addition al perspective and a better understanding on the systems procedure. This will allow the verifying of statements that will be made from interviews and determine whether the systems procedures will really operate as described.Observation will provide the knowledge needed to test or install future changes in the proposed system. 3. 5 The Platform: The System will be developed using a web application and databases. The content in our web application will be connected to a database. So the idea here is getting data into a database so that we can use it in our web application. The focus here will be bridging between the table schemas of a database and running them on web application and vice versa. 3. 5. 1 MySQL This provides a platform to develop the proposed systems database.MySQL is ideal for record storage from different platforms. It also has the capability of handling large system records. 3. 5. 2 PHP According to Mike McGrath (2002), he defines that PHP can be used to create intera ctive dynamic websites and is rapidly gaining in popularity because it is flexible, cross platform technology that provides amazingly powerful features. PHP can be used to dynamically generate the HTML code for a web page. PHP is embedded into the HTML code with the use of special tags, called Deli meters. By using the deli meters, many sections of PHP code are able to add to an HTML document.Embedding PHP code in HTML code makes it possible to enhance existing web pages on a web site. (Paul Whitehead, Joel Desamero, 2000). 3. 5. 3 HTML In computing, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is a Markup Language designed for the creation of web pages and other information viewable in a browser. The focus of HTML is on the presentation of information-paragraphs, fonts, italics, tables e. t. c. 3. 5. 4 CASE Tools These are computer aided software engineering tools that enables the developers to represent the system in form of flow charts, graphs and data flow diagrams CHAPTER IV SYSTEM ANALYSI S 4. 1 INTRODUCTION This is a step-by–step process for developing high-quality information systems (Systems Analysis and Design, 2010). In order to carry out system analysis researchers had to perform system analysis which basically is carrying out feasibility studies of the school. These include: 4. 1. 1 Technical Feasibility This includes an investigation of the technical resources of the ANU. The university IT department is not well established and it lacks enough man power and resources to support the system.The department has only nine computers, of which all of them are outdated thus the need to purchase more IT resources that will be able to withstand the proposed system. 4. 1. 2 Economic Feasibility This investigates the projected benefits of the proposed system outweighing the estimated cost usually considering the total cost of ownership. The proposed automated department system process will require some system maintenance cost. Budget ITEMSPRICE System analyst/IT c onsultantsKsh. 20,000 p. m 4 Computers Pentium ivKsh. 120,000 Adobe Flash media streaming server 4. 5Ksh. 30,400 Network interface cardsKsh. 9,000Adobe CS 5packageKsh. 60,000 TotalKsh. 239,400 4. 1. 3 Operational Feasibility This means that the proposed system will be used effectively after it has been developed. With the support of the IT department and the alumni who are key players in the proposed system will be used effectively. With the alumni portal the image of ANU will improve in terms of being a head in technology field and efficiency. 4. 1. 4 Schedule Feasibility This information system project is to be completed in 8weeks time. In this time we will be able to have completed the development of the project and tested it. 4. 2 Implementation PlanThe project is expected to take approximately 12 weeks in total. There are a total of 9 tasks that need to be implemented. The tasks have been grouped under each of the project objectives. This is as shown in the table below: TASKSDU TY System planningThis will involve analyzing, defining and coming up with a time schedule of the project which will be done by the developer. Preliminary InvestigationThis will involve determining if the project’s system proposal is worth pursing into analysis phase AnalysisAt this stage a detailed study of the current system in use will be undertaken that will lead to specifications of the new system.This will be done by a system analyst. DesignDesign will be based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the new system tools such as flowcharts, use case diagrams will be used. ImplementationThis is the conversion of theory to practical analysis. During this stage, all the programs of the system will be loaded on to the user’s computer also the testing of the system will be undertaken. this will be done by a technician consultant Testing and InstallationThe system will be tested and errors and bugs will be checked in order to create a perfect system.The c hange of the system will be direct change over-where the current system will be immediately replaced by the new system. PresentationThis is the last stage whereby I will present my project by explaining the processes, development, and approach about my project in detail. CHAPTER V 5. 1 SYSTEM DESIGN 5. 1 Use case diagram According to Shelly Rosenblatt â€Å"a use case diagram visually represents the interaction between users and an information system. The different actors in the proposed system will be the Administrator, Alumni, Students and Lecturer. ? 5. 2 Flow ChartA flow chart will show the flow of the data from the time the Alumni, Student, Lecturer and Administrator will be registering to the system to the time they finalize their process. 5. 3 Flow Diagrams (DFDs) They will be used in the proposed system to show the flow of the data collected from the time a alumni will register into the system and processed. The main entities will be the alumni, the student and the administ rator. There will also be processes and data stores which will process and store data respectively. a) Level 0 Diagram ? a) Level1 diagram CHAPTER VI 6. 1 CODING AND TESTING i) Home page: Welcome to Dau University Alumni PortalWelcome to Dau University Alumni Portal ; :: ANU Alumni Home Register Login User Info Edit Profile Search Alumni Directory Logout Contact Us Forum :: Welcome to Dau University Alumni Portal | Membership to this Portal is only available to ANU alumni. In order to take advantage of all that your community has to offer, you must register to establish a User ID and password. You only need to register for the community once. When you return on future visits, Enter your User ID and password when prompted. :: Features ;Find your Friends and Former School mates on ANU Alumni Portal ;Join the ANU Alumni nbsp;Search the Alumni Directory ;Change your Address ;Check out the latest issues ;Alumni Update ii) Registering of Alumni :: ANU Alumni Sign Up Form Welcome to Dau Un iversity Alumni Portal ; :: ANU alumni Home Register Login User Info Edit Profile Search Alumni Directory Logout Contact Us Forum :: ANU Alumni Sign Up Form ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;(Please Fill Form Correctly)Username: Password: Name: Year: Please Select Year Program: Please Select Program Session: Department: Admission No: Phone no: Current Postion: Job Status: Address: E mail: ; ;;;;; ; iii) Login iv) Forum page ? CONCLUSION The ANU Alumni Portal can provide significant benefits to alumni relationship management programme and play a key role in terms of,. An online community portal, such as GradNet, should be a dynamic, ever-changing information tool that constantly adapts according to its target audience’s information needs.It is therefore pivotal that continuous needs assessments of these alumni system is conducted. The ever-changing ways of how people conduct their lives need to be considered and explored if alumni portal want to come up with innovative ideas a nd programme that will accommodate and capitalize on these trends. If alumni organizations manage to create more value for their customers, the percentage of active participants, as well as the quality of alumni interaction in support of the institution, will improve. ? REFERENCES